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Forum:	Space Shuttles - Space Station
Topic:	U.S.-developed deorbit capability for ISS

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Your Reply: HTML is ON UBB Code is ON Smilies Legend	[QUOTE]Originally posted by Robert Pearlman: [B]NASA release <blockquote><font size="+0">[b]NASA Seeks Proposals from US Industry for Station Deorbit Spacecraft[/b]</font> NASA has updated a request for proposal from U.S. industry for the U.S. Deorbit Vehicle (USDV), a spacecraft meant to safely deorbit the International Space Station as part of its planned retirement. To maximize value to the government and enhance competition, the acquisition will allow offerors flexibility in proposing Firm Fixed Price or Cost Plus Incentive Fee for the Design, Development, Test and Evaluation phase, as well as for the Production, Assembly, Integration, and Test phase. The agency also has extended the deadline for proposals to Feb. 12, 2024. At this time, the USDV contract award is planned for late May/early June 2024, and the final contract value will be determined at contract award. Since 1998, five space agencies (the Canadian Space Agency, the European Space Agency, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the State Space Corporation "Roscosmos") have operated the International Space Station, with each responsible for managing and controlling the hardware it provides. The station was designed to be interdependent and relies on contributions from across the partnership to function. The United States, Japan, Canada, and the participating countries of ESA (European Space Agency) have committed to operating the station through 2030, and Russia through at least 2028. At the conclusion of the International Space Station program, the station will be deorbited in a controlled manner to avoid populated areas. The safe deorbit of the International Space Station is a shared responsibility of all five space agencies through partner contributions based on mass percent ownership by agency. In the future, the United States plans to transition its operations in low Earth orbit to commercially-owned and -operated platforms to ensure continued access and presence in space for research, technology development, and international collaboration. In a years-long effort, NASA and its partners studied deorbit requirements and previously developed a preliminary strategy and action plan that evaluated the use of multiple Roscosmos Progress spacecraft to support deorbit operations. These efforts now indicate a new spacecraft solution would provide more robust capabilities for responsible deorbit. To initiate development of this new spacecraft, NASA released the request for proposal. The USDV is focused on the final deorbit activity. It will be a new spacecraft design or modification to an existing spacecraft that must function on its first flight and have sufficient redundancy and anomaly recovery capability to continue the critical deorbit burn. As with any development effort of this size, the USDV will take years to develop, test, and certify.</blockquote>[/B][/QUOTE]
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<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="600"><TR><td bgcolor="#000000"><TABLE BORDER=0 cellpadding=4 border=0 cellspacing=1 WIDTH="100%"><TR bgcolor="#660000"><TD COLSPAN=2><CENTER>T O P I C     R E V I E W</CENTER></TD></TR><TR bgcolor="#494949"><TD valign=top>Robert Pearlman</TD><TD>A <A HREF="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/2022_iss_transition_report-final_tagged.pdf" TARGET=_blank>January 2022</A> transition report included the following assessment about deorbiting the International Space Station at the end of its use: <BLOCKQUOTE>NASA and its partners have evaluated varying quantities of Russian Progress spacecraft and determined that three can accomplish the de-orbit. Additionally, Northrop Grumman has been expanding the propulsion capabilities of its Cygnus spacecraft, and NASA has been evaluating whether Cygnus could also be part of the vehicle capability needed to the de-orbit the ISS.</BLOCKQUOTE> In August 2022, NASA issued a <A HREF="https://sam.gov/opp/74252cfe7d49416abae0977fe4fd503c/view" TARGET=_blank>request for information</A> to gauge the U.S. industry's capabilities to provide deorbit capabilities. The RFI specified: <BLOCKQUOTE>The deorbit vehicle shall attach (via docking or berthing) to the ISS at least one (1) year prior to the planned ISS reentry date to enable adequate time for on-orbit tests and checkouts. ISS altitude lowering can occur naturally via atmospheric drag or via Russian propulsive control from the deorbit vehicle rendezvous altitude to the final circular holding altitude at approximately 270 km, where maneuvers will be performed as necessary to establish proper ground tracks prior to the final deorbit burn sequences. Below 270 km, a combination of natural decay and/or propulsive maneuvers will reduce the ISS perigee to approximately 150 km. Shortly thereafter, the deorbit vehicle will perform the final reentry burn resulting in a controlled reentry of the ISS within a pre-defined, uninhabited entry corridor. Throughout the final series of deorbit events, the deorbit vehicle will be responsible for providing both delta-v and attitude control of the ISS.Although nominal ISS EOL [end of life] is late 2030, the Government requires that this deorbit capability be available as soon as possible to protect for contingencies that could drive early re-entry and beyond 2030 in the event of further ISS mission extensions.</BLOCKQUOTE> Now, the President's <A HREF="https://www.nasa.gov/news/budget/index.html" TARGET=_blank>2024 budget request for NASA</A> includes $180 million to partner with industry to develop a U.S. deorbit capability for the International Space Station. Kathy Lueders, NASA associate administrator for space operations, addressed the "tug" in a media teleconference about the budget on Monday (March 13). From <A HREF="https://spacenews.com/nasa-planning-to-spend-up-to-1-billion-on-space-station-deorbit-module/" TARGET=_blank>SpaceNews</A>: <BLOCKQUOTE>The $180 million NASA is requesting for the tug "gives us a healthy start" for the project, said Kathy Lueders, NASA associate administrator for space operations, in a media teleconference about the budget.While budget documents did not include a spending profile for the project, Lueders said the agency came up with a cost estimate "a little bit short of about $1 billion." The exact amount, she said, will depend on what proposals the agency receives from industry from an upcoming request for proposals (RFP)."Our goal is to go out with an RFP," she said. "We're hoping to get a better price than that."</BLOCKQUOTE></TD></TR><TR bgcolor="#333333"><TD valign=top>Robert Pearlman</TD><TD>NASA release <blockquote>NASA Seeks Proposals from US Industry for Station Deorbit SpacecraftNASA has updated a request for proposal from U.S. industry for the U.S. Deorbit Vehicle (USDV), a spacecraft meant to safely deorbit the International Space Station as part of its planned retirement.To maximize value to the government and enhance competition, the acquisition will allow offerors flexibility in proposing Firm Fixed Price or Cost Plus Incentive Fee for the Design, Development, Test and Evaluation phase, as well as for the Production, Assembly, Integration, and Test phase. The agency also has extended the deadline for proposals to Feb. 12, 2024. At this time, the USDV contract award is planned for late May/early June 2024, and the final contract value will be determined at contract award.Since 1998, five space agencies (the Canadian Space Agency, the European Space Agency, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the State Space Corporation "Roscosmos") have operated the International Space Station, with each responsible for managing and controlling the hardware it provides. The station was designed to be interdependent and relies on contributions from across the partnership to function. The United States, Japan, Canada, and the participating countries of ESA (European Space Agency) have committed to operating the station through 2030, and Russia through at least 2028.At the conclusion of the International Space Station program, the station will be deorbited in a controlled manner to avoid populated areas. The safe deorbit of the International Space Station is a shared responsibility of all five space agencies through partner contributions based on mass percent ownership by agency. In the future, the United States plans to transition its operations in low Earth orbit to commercially-owned and -operated platforms to ensure continued access and presence in space for research, technology development, and international collaboration.In a years-long effort, NASA and its partners studied deorbit requirements and previously developed a preliminary strategy and action plan that evaluated the use of multiple Roscosmos Progress spacecraft to support deorbit operations. These efforts now indicate a new spacecraft solution would provide more robust capabilities for responsible deorbit. To initiate development of this new spacecraft, NASA released the request for proposal.The USDV is focused on the final deorbit activity. It will be a new spacecraft design or modification to an existing spacecraft that must function on its first flight and have sufficient redundancy and anomaly recovery capability to continue the critical deorbit burn. As with any development effort of this size, the USDV will take years to develop, test, and certify.</blockquote></TD></TR><TR bgcolor="#494949"><TD valign=top>Robert Pearlman</TD><TD>NASA release <blockquote>NASA Selects International Space Station US Deorbit VehicleNASA is fostering continued scientific, educational, and technological developments in low Earth orbit to benefit humanity, while also supporting deep space exploration at the Moon and Mars. As the agency transitions to commercially owned space destinations closer to home, it is crucial to prepare for the safe and responsible deorbit of the International Space Station in a controlled manner after the end of its operational life in 2030. NASA announced SpaceX has been selected to develop and deliver the U.S. Deorbit Vehicle that will provide the capability to deorbit the space station and ensure avoidance of risk to populated areas. "Selecting a U.S. Deorbit Vehicle for the International Space Station will help NASA and its international partners ensure a safe and responsible transition in low Earth orbit at the end of station operations. This decision also supports NASA's plans for future commercial destinations and allows for the continued use of space near Earth," said Ken Bowersox, associate administrator for Space Operations Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington. "The orbital laboratory remains a blueprint for science, exploration, and partnerships in space for the benefit of all." While the company will develop the deorbit spacecraft, NASA will take ownership after development and operate it throughout its mission. Along with the space station, it is expected to destructively breakup as part of the re-entry process. Since 1998, five space agencies, CSA (Canadian Space Agency), ESA (European Space Agency), JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency), NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), and State Space Corporation Roscosmos, have operated the International Space Station with each agency responsible for managing and controlling the hardware it provides. The station was designed to be interdependent and relies on contributions from across the partnership to function. The United States, Japan, Canada, and the participating countries of ESA have committed to operating the station through 2030. Russia has committed to continued station operations through at least 2028. The safe deorbit of the International Space Station is the responsibility of all five space agencies. The single-award contract has a total potential value of $843 million. The launch service for the U.S. Deorbit Vehicle will be a future procurement.</blockquote></TD></TR><TR bgcolor="#333333"><TD valign=top>Robert Pearlman</TD><TD>From SpaceX (via X): <BLOCKQUOTE>With six times more propellant and four times the power of today's Dragon spacecraft, SpaceX was selected to design and develop the U.S. Deorbit Vehicle for a precise, controlled deorbit of the International Space Station.</BLOCKQUOTE> <center><a href="http://www.collectspace.com/review/spacex_iss_deorbit_vehicle01-lg.jpg" target="AirLock"><img src="http://www.collectspace.com/review/spacex_iss_deorbit_vehicle01.jpg" width="400" height="225" border="0"></a></center></TD></TR><TR bgcolor="#494949"><TD valign=top>Robert Pearlman</TD><TD>NASA video <BLOCKQUOTE>As the agency fosters new commercial space stations, leadership from NASA and SpaceX participated in a media teleconference to discuss the company’s selection to develop and deliver the U.S. Deorbit Vehicle, which will safely move the International Space Station out of orbit and into a remote area of an ocean at the end of its operations. As the agency transitions to commercially owned space destinations, it is crucial to prepare for the safe and responsible deorbit of the space station in a controlled manner after the end of its operational life in 2030.Participants included: <UL TYPE=SQUARE><LI>Ken Bowersox, associate administrator, NASA’s Space Operations Mission Directorate <LI>Dana Weigel, manager, NASA’s International Space Station Program <LI>Sarah Walker, director, Dragon mission management, SpaceX</UL> <center><iframe width="400" height="225" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Dw1JXZwo00o?si=_sQlTutA9gisdNCt" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen>

SpaceAholic

We really need to establish a space "boneyard" where rather then deorbiting these large potential future resources they can be stored in a Lagrange point for subsequent recycling.

Robert Pearlman

Establishing a boneyard is not the pressing issue, according to NASA; rather it is developing more advanced propulsion and clearing the way to reach and stay in the parking orbit. Quoting NASA's white paper:

...ascending to these orbits would require the development of new propulsive and tanker vehicles that do not currently exist. While still currently in development, vehicles such as the SpaceX Starship are being designed to deliver significant amounts of cargo to these orbits; however, there are prohibitive engineering challenges with docking such a large vehicle to the space station and being able to use its thrusters while remaining within space station structural margins. Other vehicles would require both new certifications to fly at higher altitudes and multiple flights to deliver propellant.
The other major consideration when going to a higher altitude is the orbital debris regime at each specified locale. The risk of a penetrating or catastrophic impact to space station (i.e., that could fragment the vehicle) increases drastically above 257miles (415km). While higher altitudes provide a longer theoretical orbital life, the mean time between an impact event decreases from ~51 years at the current operational altitude to less than four years at a 497 mile (800km), ~700-year orbit. This means that the likelihood of an impact leaving station unable to maneuver or react to future threats, or even a significant impact resulting in complete fragmentation, is unacceptably high. NASA has estimated that such an impact could permanently degrade or even eliminate access to LEO for centuries. ...
Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP), while more efficient in terms of propellant, is challenging for station use because of the long duration it would take to move the space station to a lifetime-safe orbit. The amount of time required to use SEP to raise its altitude would expose it to considerable risk of encountering a debris strike that could render the space station inoperable and lead to in orbit debris shedding or an eventual uncontrolled re-entry.
Assuming a system derived from Gateway’s Power and Propulsion Element, ascending to a 1,000-year safe orbit as described above would take approximately three years of constant thrust utilizing 15,000 kg of propellant, during which time Russian propulsion assets would still be required for attitude control. Solar electric propulsion cannot presently provide the short-term delta-v required for debris avoidance maneuvers. Additionally, without crew maintenance, station cannot provide the amount of power through its docking ports that an SEP vehicle would require, and the space station’s large solar arrays and appendages would frequently shadow any arrays installed on a visiting vehicle.
During a transit to a 1,000-year safe orbit, station would spend a considerable period of time moving through the Van Allen radiation belts, which its systems were not designed to withstand and which would likely result in system failures. The same orbital debris hazards as described above would also likely result in system failures or total space station breakup. Additionally, the cost of developing an SEP system capable of moving station would require significantly more funding and time than developing a deorbit capability.

SpaceAholic

Recycling of the materials is more what I had in mind rather then preserving functional integrity. Future expectation is that on orbit manufacturing capability/capacity will evolve to the point where it may become more economical to mine a boneyard for raw materials to accomplish a project then having it re-launched.

Jim Behling

Easier to refine and launch from the moon.

SpaceAngel

Why was SpaceX chosen to deorbit the ISS rather than the Russians?

dom

Probably to prevent the Russians from having the pleasure?

Robert Pearlman

Quoting from a NASA press release that was posted earlier in this thread:

In a years-long effort, NASA and its partners studied deorbit requirements and previously developed a preliminary strategy and action plan that evaluated the use of multiple Roscosmos Progress spacecraft to support deorbit operations. These efforts now indicate a new spacecraft solution would provide more robust capabilities for responsible deorbit.

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